Beauty Standards And Its Effects On Women Essay - 2158 Words

It s not a mystery that society s ideals of beauty have a drastic and frightening effect on women. Popular culture frequently tells society, what is supposed to recognize and accept as beauty, and even though beauty is a concept that differs on all cultures and modifies over time, society continues to set great importance on what beautiful means and the significance of achieving it; consequently, most women aspire to achieve beauty, occasionally without measuring the consequences on their emotional or physical being. Unrealistic beauty standards are causing tremendous damage to society, a growing crisis where popular culture conveys the message that external beauty is the most significant characteristic women can have. The approval of prototypes where women are presented as a beautiful object or the winner of a beauty contest by evaluating mostly their physical attractiveness creates a faulty society, causing numerous negative effects; however, some of the most apparent consequences young and adult women encounter by beauty standards, can manifest as body dissatisfaction, eating disorders that put women’s life in danger, professional disadvantage, and economic difficulty. At this point, it is already acknowledged that body dissatisfaction is one of the major psychological effects caused in women by the unachievable cultural standards of beauty. A massive total of women feel constantly insecure, inadequate and overweight. Body obsessive comparison origins from the permanentShow MoreRelatedEffects Of The White Standards Of Beauty On African American Women923 Words   |  4 PagesPatten did her research on different ethics standpoints. Throughout this article the effect of the White standards of beauty towards African American women by questioning the societal definitions of beauty, body image, and hair. (Patton, 2006, p. 24) The societal stereotype is that African American women struggle to measure up to the normative standard. Two theoretical structures guide the analysis of beauty standards such as Afrocentric theory and standpoint theory. The researcher use many examplesRead MoreThe Effects Of Beauty Standards On Body Image1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Beauty Standards Understanding the effects of beauty standards to both men and women requires research of both sexes and different orientations in regard to the influence the media has on them. While cultural standards contribute to beauty standards, media carries most of the responsibility for swaying public opinion of attractiveness. In order to find an answer as to why certain beauty standards currently exist, one must examine the root cause: media. Literature Reviewed First GroupRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Women s Body Image1242 Words   |  5 Pagesmedia is body image. A surprisingly large number of individuals, the majority of which are young women, develop their body image in with the ideas advanced by the media, which judge women’s attractiveness based on how thin they are. Body-image plays a very important role in our individualistic society. Modern beauty image standards which favor thin body image create an unrealistic expectation on young women, often resulting in eating disorders and other destructive practices, like self-harming, unnecessaryRead MoreThe History of Human Beauty Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagescivilizations have admired the beauty that the world has presented, but isn’t beauty held in the eye of the beholder? The word can be used to describe a variety of things. It can describe places, animals, objects, people and even ideas. However, the one beauty our society embraces today is human beauty. Because t he perception of beauty differs from person to person, different ideas of beauty developed throughout history, which in turn formed standards for human beauty, and these standards have had a massiveRead MoreMedia s Influence On Beauty Standards Of Women1213 Words   |  5 PagesInfluence on Beauty Standards of Women There are several types of social standards that are held in the world today. Among those standards are the beauty standards of how women should look. This is one of the most talked about topic of discussions today. It is safe to say that the media is the reason to blame for these undocumented sets of beauty standards that women should abide by because of the types of women that are portrayed through the media. The unrealistic beauty standards the media hasRead MoreDiscrimination Based Upon The Tone Of One s Skin Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesworldwide issue, it is unique to African Americans due to the experience of slavery and its long-term psychological effects. African American men and women both experience colorism but the psychological effects are more prominent in women. Women in the black community are greatly affected by colorism starting at a young age. This is due to the history of the European standard of beauty in North America which plays a big role in how it affects their self-image, self-esteem, social status and relationshipsRead MoreBeauty Pageants Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesAre beauty pageants degrading and objectifying towards women? Organizers set policies, rules, and standards which falsely dictate a woman’s worth, based on their decisions and actions along with physical beauty. These contests also objectify women’s bodies as a form of public entertainment. Most importantly, the management of these pageants distorts women’s minds from a young age to strive to fit in a stereotype based on their physical appearance and femininity. Beauty pageants degrade and objectifyRead MoreThe Beauty Standard On The Average Person1237 Words   |  5 Pagesunfortunate saying that captures the effect of the beauty standard on the average person. Our culture and industry bombard us with images of women with features far from the norm. This has caused many women to look and compare themselves with a very unnatural image. Many have tried to replicate the model body they see, without considering the harm that it could cause. The beauty standard today is not what it should be because the industry is manipulative, it makes women insecure about themselves, and isRead MoreWhat is Considered Beautiful? Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is considered beautiful? Why is something beautiful? The nature and definition of beauty has been one of the most hotly debated and controversial themes in philosophy. There are many different theories and perspectives even since the earliest time of history like the Greek philosophers like Plato. Plato believed that there was a universal truth. He claimed that there was a perfect form of beauty which was â€Å"imperfectly manifested in what we call beautiful† (Costandi, 2008). However, he couldRead More Conforming to Beauty in The Bluest Eye Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, all attempt to conform to a standard of beauty in some way. This s tandard of beauty is established by the society in which they live, and then supported by members of the community. Beauty is also linked with respect and happiness. Both people who reach the standard of beauty, and those who try, are never really satisfied with who they are. This never-ending race to become beautiful has devastating effects on their relationships and their own self-esteem. Geraldine

Vacant Chapter 17 Family Free Essays

The last five years have been unbelievable in more ways than one. It’s been a long, difficult road, no doubt about it. There’s fighting†¦and making up, money problems and tears, but we always make it through, and we make it through together. We will write a custom essay sample on Vacant Chapter 17 Family or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are, however, about to experience three of the biggest changes in our lives thus far. Margie is retiring and a new manager will take her place. I’m pretty sure I know a candidate who is a shoe-in. Ethan has taken his duties as assistant manager very seriously. Margie confided to me that it would be a proud moment to see Ethan take her place. The salary increase was nothing to joke about either, and this promotion was enabling us to finally buy our own home. It wouldn’t be fancy or lavish, but it would be ours. Margie has been an enormous support system for both Ethan and me. She’s stepped in as the mother figure we both needed as we transitioned to new parts of our lives. One could say that I should have been bitter about a â€Å"stand-in† mother, but I never saw it that way. She has been my savior more than once, but when I first met Margie, I wasn’t sure what to think. â€Å"Can I help you?† â€Å"Well, I was looking for Ethan.† The woman was small, but spoke with assurance. â€Å"Does he still live here?† I hadn’t known what to tell her. It flashed through my mind when I answered the door that perhaps this was the landlord and someone had reported us. Ethan wasn’t supposed to have anyone living with him. I shouldn’t have cared if he got in trouble after the way he up and left me after I spilled my guts to him, but I just couldn’t be angry with him – no matter how hard I tried. â€Å"I’m Margie, Ethan’s boss.† I stalled in answering her, debating whether I should invite her in. â€Å"Dear†¦?† â€Å"Oh, sorry – I’m uh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I didn’t know whether to give my real name. My gut told me that this woman was harmless. â€Å"It’s Emily.† My mother taught me to never give more information than necessary. â€Å"Well, Emily, it’s a pleasure to meet you.† That day, Margie invited herself into the duplex and into my life. She was there to comfort me as I cried my eyes out and told her the events leading up to Ethan leaving. She hugged me and gave soothing words of encouragement; above all else, she assured me Ethan would return and that I just had to be patient. She spoke about Ethan that afternoon as if he were her own son. There was never a disapproving word, only compliments and work anecdotes from the years she’d known him. She was also there to support me through school. She insisted, along with Ethan, that I take full advantage of the scholarship I was given. She also wanted me to develop my interests and not just major in something so I could get a job. She told me to pursue what I loved; something I was passionate about. â€Å"I think I know what I want to major in,† I told Margie, the excitement of my revelation radiating in my tone. â€Å"That’s great, sweetie. Tell me.† â€Å"This lady came in today with a little boy with autism, and it was so fascinating to watch her interact with him. I think I want to learn more about children and disabilities.† I was nervous about Margie’s answer. Maybe she thought I was a little too ambitious or crazy even in regards to my career path. â€Å"What do you think?† â€Å"I think we are lucky to have you, one of God’s angels here on earth. You warm an old woman’s heart, Emily. I can’t think of a better career choice.† I finished school three years later with a degree in Early Childhood Special Education. Margie was there with Ethan on graduation day, and I think she was the loudest cheerleader in the auditorium. â€Å"So, you really want to do this?† I used to be the one that was so unsure of everything and looked to Ethan to be the decision maker. Now, it seems, the tables have turned. He’s always looking to me for reassurance. â€Å"I do. I know there will be a lot of work to be done on it, but I have the summer off. There is a lot I can do during that time.† I’d yet to tell him he’d be doing all the painting, but I think – all things considered – he’ll be just fine with the tradeoff. â€Å"This house is in a better neighborhood and is a bit bigger. There is room for us to have a home office and a couple spare bedrooms.† The realtor was anxious to make a deal. The house had been on the market for several months due to the â€Å"as is† sale. She’s hovering, not wanting this potential sale to slip away. â€Å"Do you have any questions, Mr. and Mrs. Parker?† Despite hearing Mrs. Parker every day, hearing it still brings a smile to my face. I grabbed Ethan’s hand and led him back down the hallway. â€Å"I think we’ll take another look around and meet you back out front.† I answer, desperate to get a few moments alone with my husband and away from the hovering realtor. â€Å"Will you marry me?† Those were the first words out of Ethan’s mouth. Not, â€Å"Good morning, Emily. How did you sleep?† Stunned didn’t even begin to capture what I was feeling. My brain wasn’t fully awake, and I hadn’t registered the small diamond on my left hand. Ethan had placed it there in my sleep and had yet to bring it to my attention. The two years before Ethan’s proposal had been perfect. Our new apartment was a dream come true, and we’d even made friends with our neighbors Garth and Kim. The guys loved to barbecue, and Kim loved to talk about kids and literature, two of my favorite things. â€Å"Emily? Come on! You’re killing me here!† His desperation made me giggle a bit, as if I’d ever tell him no. â€Å"Yes!† â€Å"Thank God! I was so nervous.† Three weeks later found us at Powell Gardens in the Marjorie Powell Allen Chapel. We had the ceremony on Friday evening, then a picnic in the nearby fountain courtyard. It was small, just Margie and her husband, Garth and Kim, and me and Ethan. We didn’t have a honeymoon, but that was okay. Someday, we’d get there. â€Å"So what are you thinking we can do with this room?† Easy, Emily, don’t rush it. Make it perfect, I tell myself. â€Å"I’m sure you’ll want a place to set up shop at home to work on your lesson plans and stuff.† Ethan walks into the room and steps to the large bow window. â€Å"This window will give you a lot of natural light to work by,† he finishes. â€Å"Yeah, but I think the smaller room down the hall will be good for an office space.† Deep breath, this is it. â€Å"I think this room would be perfect as a nursery since it’s right next to the master and has its own quarter bath.† Wait for it†¦. It takes longer than I think it should for it to sink in. I’ve counted to thirty before he turns around and stares at me blankly. I move my hand down to rest on my still flat stomach. His eyes widen and his mouth falls open. After a long pause, I give him a nod of confirmation and my eyes flutter closed for a couple seconds. â€Å"You’re†¦?† I simply nod again. â€Å"Seriously?† â€Å"Seriously.† I don’t even think my reply is completely out of my mouth before he’s crossed the room and picks me up. He swings me around, hugging me tight. He’s mumbling, â€Å"Oh my God, oh my God!† over and over into my breasts. I half expect him to sneak a motorboat in there while he’s at it. I just grip his head tighter, relishing the moment. He finally sets me down and kisses me. This is the happiest I’ve ever seen this man†¦the man I love and worship and would do anything for. â€Å"Thank you, Emily. Thank you for giving me everything I’ve always wanted, a family.† How to cite Vacant Chapter 17 Family, Essay examples

Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health

Question: Discuss about the Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health. Answer: Introduction: Humber Library has a prestigious legacy for the variety of books, journals and other reading materials that it offers to its enthusiastic readers. Every moth there is a theme dedicated to important issue. For the month of April, the theme is spring, earth week and acceptance of autism. Spring symbolizes new life, bloom and beacon of hope for the regeneration of new thoughts and resurgence of decayed leaves. Earth week denotes the conveyance of gratitude to Earth its selfless contributions. Earth Day began on April 22, 1970 by Denis Hayes, US Senator Gaylord Nelson and Paul Elrich (Hughes Thomson, 2016). The Earth week is about understanding the role of the environment in sustaining life and therefore, the imperative for concerted effort to protect it. Autism refers to the communication and social interaction difficulties in individuals (Cage, Di Monaco Newell, 2018). Children and person with autism requires our sensitive attitude and loving care and there need to be awareness to pr omote acceptance for autism. Compounding all these ideas and issues together, the library has curated a n attractive list of books for the month of April. For the given theme, we have a list of acuminous book that would inspire the readers to imbibe the principles of sustenance of the environment and instil in them an awareness of autism. Some of the books are Listening Walk by Paul Showers which is an evocative literature on the father-daughter stroll in their neighbourhood to understand the environment better. Another book that will definitely attract the readers are Thinking in pictures: My life with autism by Temple Grandin. Apart from these other books in display will be Autism spectrum disorder: The complete guide to understanding autism, autism adulthood: Strategies and insights for a fulfilling life, Uniquely Human: A different way of seeing Autism, Plants vs. Meats, Eyes wide open, Climate changed, Unstoppable: Harnessing science to change the world and Silent Spring. References Cage, E., Di Monaco, J., Newell, V. (2018). Experiences of autism acceptance and mental health in autistic adults.Journal of autism and developmental disorders,48(2), 473-484. Hughes, R. E., Thomson, S. L. (2016). The First Earth Day, 1970: Examining Documents to Teach About Civic Engagement.Social Studies and the Young Learner,28(3), 11-14.

The Spread of Religions Essay Example

The Spread of Religions Paper Short Writing Assignment # 2 Topic: The Spread of Religions 11/20/2011 Question 1: How did Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam spread across the world, and why are they practiced so far from their origins? Answer 1: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam spread across the world by use of four common practices. Missionaries spread the faith to new areas. These missionaries adapted their message to the existing culture of the area and adopted elements of existing religious traditions. Pilgrimage was encouraged and allowed the pilgrim to express devotion through the hardships of travel and expand their world-view. Through the use of relics, people were allowed a personal connection to the story of the religion. They are practiced all over the globe, far from their origins. One reason is forced conversion such as the conversion of the Saxons by Charlemagne under threat of death. Another is diaspora such as when the Romans expelled the Jews from Judea and they scatted all over the earth. Question 2: How did these three major world religions change and adapt to diverse cultural circumstances? Answer 2: Buddhism adapted the Chinese culture in China and flourished there to an extent that China became the center of pilgrimage and dispersion even though India was the source. It adapted to Chinese culture easily because the Chinese idea of Wuwei was very similar to the idea of Nirvana as taught by Buddha. Christianity adapted to the indigenous religions in many ways. We will write a custom essay sample on The Spread of Religions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Spread of Religions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Spread of Religions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Just a few: The Church of the Holy Sepulcher was once the site of a shrine to Aphrodite. Christmas is now the celebration of Christ’s birth even though no one knows the day he was born. European Christians absorbed their old pagan tradition of the celebration of Yule into the practice of their new religion. Sufi missionaries adopted local cultural practices into the practice of Islam to attract converts. Question 3: Why did Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam emerge when and where they did? Answer 3: Each religion spread mostly in near proximity to its source: Buddhism throughout eastern Asia from India to China then on to Japan and Korea. Islam spread from Arabia through western Asia and across North Africa. Christianity spread across the Mediterranean from Judea then through Europe during the dark ages when Europeans needed a sense of unity and stability after the loss of the same after the fall of the Roman Empire. Europeans then carried it with them when they settled the New World. Question 4: How did Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam interact with, provide justification for, and conflict with various states and empires in Afro-Eurasia? Answer 4: Buddhism became the state religion of China as the nobles embraced and patronized it. Christianity became the state religion throughout Europe after the nobles embraced it then forced the conversion of their subjects as in Kiev and the mass conversion of the Saxons under the threat of death. Islam supports trade so Arabian traders spread it throughout their travels.

Dante as a humanist essays

Dante as a humanist essays Discuss Dante's early contribution to the Humanist era, focusing on his use of Virgil in Cantos I-IV and the use of the vernacular in the Divine Comedy. Dante Alighieri is not considered a Renaissance Humanist, however he is considered one of the three crowns of Florentine literature, alongside Petrarco and Boccaccio. Petrarco is reputed as being the fore-runner of Humanism, whereas Dante gave Florentine Italian to the people of Italy and was a key leader in making vulgar Italian an acceptable means of Literature and Rhetoric. Dante also studied and revered many poets and philosophers of antiquity and used them in the Divine Comedy. Virgil was in fact chosen by Dante to be his guide through the Inferno. He was also interested in reason and virtue and the development of the individual. For these reasons, Dante's style exhibits many precursors, if not aspects of later humanistic thought. In this essay, I will define Humanism and its qualities and I will discuss Dante as an ante-litteram Humanist, focusing on the language he uses in the Divine Comedy and his relationship with Virgil in the first four Cantos. It is my obligation to inform you, in the first place, that Dante was not a Humanist and belongs to the Late Medieval period in a class of his own as a moral and social philosopher, a Politician, a classical enthusiast, a Linguist and a Poet. The term Humanism derives from the Latin humanitas meaning the cultural values attained from a liberal education. Studia humanitatis, including language, literature, history and moral philosophy, was the name given to this kind of education and was studied in classical times. Petrarco was the principle fore-runner of the rebirth of humanitas, or Humanism as it came to be called and the term umanista was used in the 1400s to describe a professor or student of classical literature. The English wordhumanist? did not emerge until the 1500s. However, it was not until 1809, in Germany, tha...

Dissertation Editing Paper

Dissertation Editing Paper Dissertation Editing Paper Dissertation Editing PaperWhy should you edit your paper or dissertation? The answer is evident: you will not have the second chance to make an impression on your teacher. It is your task to ensure that your dissertation writing is free of errors, mistakes, and inconsistencies. Editing is necessary to check the flow of ideas, thesis methodology, relevance of content, thesis format and all other issues which have strong impact on the quality of your work. So editing is about spelling, capitalization, grammar, word usage, content, etc. Dissertation Editing Paper MethodsThere are two methods of dissertation editing: self edit and peer edit.Self-Edit is done by yourself. You need to read your own dissertation backwards: start with the last sentence, then read the second last sentence, then move to the third last sentence, and so on. If each sentence makes sense, your dissertation is well-written. If it does not, you should revise it accordingly. Use your senses to identify places for improvement: do you see or hear any mistakes in your arguments, ideas, or statements? Peer-Edit is done in a group. Due to the fact that you are the author of your own paper, you may not notice many mistakes and as the result, may not be able to edit your dissertation effectively. Ask a couple of your friends or family members to read your dissertation (chapter by chapter, for example) and highlight the areas requiring your attention. Is argument clear? Are your points based on evidence? Dissertation Editing Paper TipsEvery sentence should have two essential parts: you should tell what/who the subject is and what is happening.Focus on easy to understand sentences but do not oversimplify, try to use different combinations of such words as but, or, yet, that, which, because, when, etc. Use commas and periods only where it is necessaryDo not abuse the exclamation mark!Check spelling of specific terms with the help of dictionaryDissertation Paper Editing ARRR TechniqueARRR techniqu e is one of the most effective editing tools. ARRR stands for Adding (is it necessary to add data to make your argument clear), Rearranging (is information logically presented?), Removing (is it necessary to remove any information?), and Replacing (is it necessary to replace any phrases to make stronger expressions?). Why should you try ARRR technique for your dissertation editing? It helps you make decisions about what to improve, gives opportunity to take a look at the writing from a different perspective, make your writing clearer, more interesting, more informative, and more convincing. If you are in need of dissertation help or looking for paper editing help , you may read paper editing tips or request professional editing service at our site!

Four HR Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Four HR Questions - Essay Example However, it is vital to note that the decisions taken under particular situation may not hold good for all situations, in fact they may give negative results under different circumstances. This implies that effective leadership calls for consistently making situation based decisions. From literature, situational leadership advocates for greater participation of employee in decision making on the premise that the more employees participate in decision making the more they will accept the decisions taken. It with this line of thought that Vroom and Yetton (1973) proposed a Situational leadership model called the normative decision model. The normative model identifies five different decision procedures that range on the situation and level of involvement from autocratic to consultative to group-based decisions. Even though, situational leadership advocates for greater employee participation, Vroom and Yetton (1973) identified that not all decision making situations need to go throu gh the process of consultation. To enable leaders isolate the instances where decision making would require consultation from those where consultations would add little value, Vroom and Yetton (1973) formulated seven questions which leaders can use to determine the level of subordinate involvement in decision making. The seven questions touch on problem information, commitment, and decision quality and acceptance. Putting Vroom and Yetton (1973) normative model to use it can be discovered that consultation would be a waste of time in the following circumstances: (1) where the leader has sufficient information to make a high quality decision and acceptance of the decision by subordinates is not critical for its implementation; (2) where neither the nature of the solution nor the acceptance of the decision by subordinates is critical to the implementation of the decision; (3) where the nature of the solution is not critical and whatever the leader decides it is reasonably certain th at his / her subordinates would accept; (4) where the nature of the solution is critical but the leader has sufficient information to make a high quality decision. In this instance even though the acceptance of the decision by subordinates would be critical to its implementation, if the leader is reasonable certain that he / she has sufficient influence over his / her subordinates to the extent that they would most certainly accept his / her decision then consultations would be a waste of time. In conclusion, to enable effective decision making a leader would find using Vroom and Yetton (1973) seven questions and normative model a critical tool that will save him / her time, effort and likelihood of success for the decisions that he / she takes. Identify the potential difference in human resource management (HRM) policies between two organizations where one follows a low-cost strategy and the other follows a differentiated, quality enhancement

Australian industrial relations and employment law reforms Assignment

Australian industrial relations and employment law reforms - Assignment Example State involvement in industrial relations actions is both interesting and questionable, especially where politics that come with it are put into consideration. This paper seeks to critically analyse the reforms in employment sector by pointing out various benefits and poor decisions that were made in Australia for the past two decades. 2.0 Industrial Relations and Employment Law Reforms The establishment of the commonwealth conciliation and arbitration commission was a major step towards bringing towards finding a peaceful resolution to industrial relations. It also did recognize trade unions and this was a major boost for collective bargaining. All the registered unions became part and parcel of institutional framework that was meant for the Australian industrial relations. ... In 2005, workplace choices was introduced and this market the start of the Australian workplace agreements (AWA) and this was followed by the drastic disbandment of unfair dismissal laws which was targeting the employers that have less than one hundred employees (Hyslop & Stillman, 2004, pp.2). The language of employment relations has also been adjusted to include certain terms like high involvement which do bring out the aspect of employee motivation to work. Such linguistic changes also do emphasise the critical needs for teamwork, multiskilling and general involvement of employees to ensure that high levels of performance in terms of productivity and quality standards are achieved. Generally, the feeling for employees in Australia has been the lack of inclusion or consultation when it comes to keys issues that have an impact on their work and life (Quiggan, 2005, pp.2-6). Reports of over-working, high stress levels and lack of job security seems to have been the main driving force in this approach. The national employment relations have really changed. During these changes, the industrial relations reform was a major issue on the agenda of various political parties and has continued to elicit much debate from the political seen. 3.0 Industrial relations reforms amid hidden political interests When the Australian labour part got elected in 2007, introduction of Fair Work Australia and WorkChoices came onto being. This two employment systems had a major impact on the workforce of Australia and changed the face of employment relations and how the citizens view it. They also marked the beginning of State participation in the industrial relations. The election of Liberal National Coalition party that

DBQ Essay Essay Example for Free

DBQ Essay Essay Throughout history, trade has influenced civilizations by expanding religions, spreading new products or ideas, and through transmission of diseases. As civilizations began trading more with other civilizations, trade networks were setup. Traders needed a safe route to get to cities in order to trade. With trade networks such as the silk roads, traders had a way to get from Europe to China to trade goods. With more and more people trading because of trade networks, there were both intentional and unintentional effects of trade. The spread of religion was heavily influenced by trade. Documents 2, and the both support this. The documents show that as people met in city markets, traders did not only trade inventions and products with another. Religious practices, cultures, and traditions were also spread. Document 2 shows that because of trade, religions such as Islam spread from Africa to as far as China in the east. Other religions such as Christianity and Buddhism were also spread. In Document 3, it shows that traders who came to the Swahili Coast to trade stayed there for a couple of months before returning home. Because of this, the traders would share their cultures, languages and religions with the native people who lived there. Over time, trade had a lasting effect on the Swahili Coast. The Swahili language today has some Arabic and Indian words in the language. Most people who are Swahili today also practice Islam as their religion. This would all never have been possible if it weren’t for the trade networks of the Swahili Coast or the Silk Roads. Aside from the spread of religion, trade also helped new ideas and products spread throughout the world. Documents 1,4,5 and 6 all show that throughout the world, many different products and ideas were spread because of trade. Document 1 shows Mediterranean trade being first controlled by Phoenicians and Greeks. The map in the document shows major products such as tin being traded between Greek and Phoenician colonies. Document 4 is a quote, it is implied that this Is coming from someone living in Europe during the Commercial Revolution. The person states that as food supplies increased in Europe, trade also began to increase. More goods were being created and traded all over Europe including, cloth, food, and leather. Towns would hold fairs every year for the trading of these goods. As trade increased, methods of getting cash and loans were developed. Banks were established by Christians and this all became the Commercial Revolution. Documents 5 and 6 further show how trade brought products from different civilizations all around the world. The Columbian Exchange in Document 6 shows how products from the Old World were brought to the New World. Some examples of these products include horses, bananas, black eye peas and beef. Document 5 shows how Marco Polo brought new ideas from China back home to Europe such as how to use coal for heat. While trade helped spread new ideas and products throughout the world, so did deadly diseases. Documents 6 and 7 both show how trade spread disease from one civilization to another. With the Columbian exchange in Document 6, deadly illnesses spread from the Old World to the New World. Disease killed off many indigenous people in the new world and would also enable conquerors from countries such as Spain to gain the upper hand in colonizing and conquering indigenous populations. Document 7 is a political cartoon. It is from the point of view of someone who is against globalization. The cartoon shows an army conquering an indigenous tribe. The members of the tribe all look very fearful and seem to have been forced out of their homes. The army who is conquering all has symbolism representing American culture and ideas. Although this document is biased towards the U.S, it does show the negative effects that trade can have on an indigenous population. These documents all show that trade had many lasting intentional and unintentional consequences on the many civilizations of the world. These include the expansion of religion, the spread of new ideas and products, as well as the transmission of deadly diseases. A document that would have been helpful in further analyzing the unintentional effects of trade would be one from the perspective of the civilization conquering the indigenous people. Overall however, these documents still show that because of trade, new  ideas, cultures and traditions have been spread throughout the world.

Essay --

When 19 hijackers took control of four commercial airlines (two Boeings 757 and two Boeings 767) and crashing them into the Twin Towers and the Pentagon, some would say they never thought about terrorism. Today when you the word terrorism and immediately we think of al-Qaeda or other Islamic extremists. While Islamic extremism does contribute to certain types of terrorism, there are many other forms as well, all with their own characteristics and challenges for policy makers. These types commonly overlap to describe single terrorist organizations but are useful in providing a way of differentiating what these groups will target and what motivates them. The commonly accepted meaning of the word terrorism is any use of terror in the form of violence or threats meant to coerce an individual, group, or entity to act in a manner in which any person or group could not otherwise lawfully force them to act. There is no true definition of terrorism; the world community has struggled with creating a legal definition of terrorism that is globally accepted. Defining these groups helps us to understand necessary responses to each form of terrorism. Here are three (state, religious, and international) of the several of the most common types of terrorism, and examples of each. Scholar Gus Martin describes state terrorism as terrorism "committed by governments and quasi-governmental agencies and personnel against perceived threats", which can be directed against both domestic and foreign targets (Martin, 2013). State terrorism is the systematic use of terror by a government in order to control its population. Not to be confused with state sponsored terrorism, where states sponsor terrorist groups, state terrorism is entirely carried out ... ...lians had â€Å"been victims of incidents claimed by or attributed to the ANC. There were reports claiming significant links between the ANC and Communist countries, noting that the ANC "receives support from the Soviet bloc, Cuba and a number of African nations in addition to contributions from the West." After the Cold War the State and Defense departments back off their dire characterization of the ANC, it called the group "a politically diverse organization, representing a range of views. Mandela and other ANC officials remained on the terror watch list even as President Bush welcomed Mandela, newly released from prison, to the White House in 1990. Because of what was described as a "bureaucratic snafu," their names were kept on the list until 2008; 14 years after Mandela had been elected president and nine years after he had left power. He was 90 at the time.

Language in culture: conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture Essay

Anthropology Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay will focus on evaluating the claim that culture is perfectly understood as a symbolic classification system. Culture can be defined as cumulative deposit of beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, values, experience, roles, meanings, spatial relations, hierarchies, notions of time, possessions and material objects obtained by a group of individuals in the course of the generations through group and individual thriving. Culture involves patterns implicit and explicit, for and of behavior obtained and conveyed through symbols, representing the unique achievement of the human groups, comprising of their personifications in artifacts; the fundamental core of culture include the traditional ideas and particularly their emotionally involved values; culture systems on the other hand may be deemed as products of action. A symbol refers to any object, usually material, meant to stand for another, even though there is no significant relationship. Typically culture is founded on a shared set of meanings and symbols. Symbolic culture allows human communication and therefore must be taught. The symbolic culture is more adaptable and malleable than biological evolution. Humans subconsciously and consciously, strive always in making logic of their surrounding world. Some symbols like objects, words, gestures and signs assist individuals in understanding the world. Usually symbols offer clues in understanding the experiences. They usually express familiar meanings which are shared by the societies. Uniform and badge held by police officers represent symbols of law or authority enforcement. When an officer is seen wearing a uniform or in a squad car enhances reassurance in man citizens, and anger, fear, or annoyance among others (Browne et al, 1990, p38-p42).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The world has countless symbols. Company logos, traffic signs and sports uniforms are some of the symbols. A gold sign in some cultures symbolizes marriage. There are some symbols which are very functional; for example, stop signs offers valuable instruction. They belong to the material culture since they are physical objects, however they function like symbols, in addition they pass on nonmaterial cultural meanings. Some of the symbols are only helpful in what they signify. Gold medals, trophies and blue ribbons, for instance, provide no other function other than representing the accomplishments. However numerous objects have both nonmaterial and material symbolic value. Symbols are usually taken for granted easily. Few individuals challenge or even consider sticking the figure signs on the public bathrooms’ doors. However those figures signs are more than being mere symbols which informs women and men which bathrooms they are supp osed to use. Also they uphold the value, in USA, that restrooms ought to be gender exclusive. Even if stalls are comparatively private, most places do not offer bathrooms that are unisex (Hoijer, 1954, p. 14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Symbols frequently get recognized when used out of context. Symbols express strong messages and are used unconventionally. Even destruction of symbols is perceived to be symbolic. Effigies signifying public figures are beaten so as to express anger at particular leaders. Crowds in 1989 tore down Berlin wall a symbols which decades-old of the division between West and East, capitalism and communism. While diverse cultures have different systems of symbols however language is common to all. Language refers to a symbolic system by which individuals’ converse and through which the culture is spread. Various languages include a system of symbols utilized for written communication, whereas others rely on nonverbal actions and spoken communication. Societies regularly share one language, and a lot of languages have the same fundamental components. An alphabet refers to a written system which is made of symbolic shapes which refer to sound which is spoken. These symbols taken together, express definite meanings. English alphabet employs a mixture of 26 letters in order to create words; where these 26 letters create over 600,000 English words which are recognized (Smith, 2001, p. 46).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Additionally, through using language, individuals’ converse without using words. The communication which is nonverbal is symbolic, and, similar to the case of language, a lot of it is learned by the individual’s culture. Various signals are almost universal: crying regularly represents sadness and smiles frequently signify joy. Additional nonverbal symbols differ across the cultural backgrounds in their meaning. For instance, a thumbs-up symbol in the United States shows positive support, while in Australia and Russia, it signifies an offensive curse. Various gestures differ in meaning depending with the individual and the situation. A symbol of waving the hand can represent numerous things, considering for whom it is done and how it’s done. It may signify â€Å"no thank you,† â€Å"hello,† or â€Å"I’m royalty,† or â€Å"goodbye.† Winks express a range of messages, comprising of â₠¬Å"I’m only kidding,† or â€Å"I’m attracted to you,† Or â€Å"We have a secret.† From a distance, an individual can comprehend the emotional idea of two individuals in conversation just through examining their facial expressions and body language. Folded arms and Furrowed brows signify a serious topic, perhaps a disagreement. Smiles, with arms open and heads lifted, imply a cheerful, friendly conversation (Durkheim, 2003, p. 41).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though language is possibly the most apparent system of symbols that used in communication, numerous things we do express a symbolic meaning. For instance, of the way individuals dress and what it signifies to other individuals. The manner in which a person dress symbolically communicates to other people if that individual care about academics or if he or she is a fan of their school’s football group, or it might converse that the individual is a fan of punk music or has adopted an anarchist philosophy. In various urban settings, the symbolic meaning of individual’s clothes can signify gang connection. Other gang associates use these symbolic sartorial signs to identify allies or enemies. Anthropologists argues that, through their evolution course, individuals evolved a universal individual capacity to categorize experiences, as well as encoding and communicating them symbolically, like with language which is written. Du e to the fact that symbolic systems were learned as well as being taught , they started developing independently of the biological evolution. Since this capacity for social learning and symbolic thinking is a human evolution product confuses older arguments regarding nurture versus nature. This view of culture shows that individuals who live away from each other begin develops distinct cultures. Basics of different cultures, but, can spread easily from one group of individuals to another. Belief that culture is coded symbolically and can, consequently, can be taught from one individual to another, meaning that cultures can change even if they are bounded. Culture is dynamic can be learned and taught, which makes it a rapid adaption form potentially to variations in the physical conditions. Anthropologists usually view culture both as supplement and product of the biological evolution; culture can be perceived as the core means of human version to the world which is natural (Middleto n, 2002, p.16).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above view of culture as symbolic system with the adaptive functions varying from one place to another, made the anthropologists to conceive of various cultures as described through different structures or patterns of continuing conventional meaning sets. These meanings took solid form in diversity of artifacts like rituals and myths, tools, well as the planning of villages and the design of housing. Anthropologists differentiate between symbolic culture and material culture, not only since each signifies distinct types of human activity, however also because they comprise of different forms of data that necessitate dissimilar methodologies to study. The culture sociology relates to culture since it is evident in the society: the ways of acting, the ways of thinking and the material objects that collectively shape the individual’s way of life. In regard to Max Weber, the symbols are very essential features of culture: individual s employ symbols to convey their spirituality as well as the spiritual side of actual events, and perfect interests are obtained from the symbols (Smith, 2001, p.21-24). In accordance with the sociologists, symbols composes one of the five essential basics of culture, the others being norms, values, language and beliefs. Symbolic anthropology perceives culture as independent system of meaning decoded through interpreting the key rituals and symbols (Werness, 2000, p.37).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, it is evident that culture is as set of symbolic classifications, referred to as a group of symbols which can prearranged into a paradigmatic set, frequently hierarchical. These systems of classifications show a world view or tribal order. Languages are constituted of the systems of classifications like grammars. Grammars classify number, person and time. Cultures consist of unconscious classifications which include relatives, plants, colors and animals. References Browne, R. B., Fishwick, M. W., & Browne, K. O. (1990). Dominant symbols in popular culture. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. Durkheim, E. (2003). Emile Durkheim sociologist of modernity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.. Hoijer, H. (1954). Language in culture: conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Middleton, J. (2002). Culture. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub.. Smith, P. (2001). Cultural theory: cn introduction. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell :. Werness, H. B. (2000). The Continuum encyclopedia of native art: worldview, symbolism, and culture in Africa, Oceania, and native North America. New York: Continuum. Source document

Classical Education Essay

Some people hold the view that the classics are classics because they have stood the test of time. Therefore, they are to be treasured by people of all generations, ours being no exception. Others believe that the classics represent the wisdom of the past. As we are advancing towards the future, it is our responsibility to venture into the unknown and generate new understanding of man and nature. What is your view on this issue? Write an essay in 300 – 500 words in response to this question and give reasons to support your position. Classical education is ‘ communicates to the mind †¦ a high sense of honor, a disdain of death in a good cause, and a passionate devotion to the welfare of one’s country’ , which proposed by Oxford classicist Edward Copleston. Classics studies indeed have stood the test of time and represent the wisdom of the past which treasured by all generations. Therefore, it is our responsibility to venture into the unknown and generate new understanding of man and nature. Traditionally, the study of classics was the principal study of the humanities. It is connected to the study of languages, history, art, literature, philosophy, archaeology and other culture of the ancient Mediterranean word, especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. For example, every European language today such as the Romance languages and Modern Greek was evolved and influenced by the classical language of the Ancient Mediterranean. Nevertheless, classical study now expanded to Northern Africa and Middle East. It has become our references in many different arenas and immensely contributed to our culture today which proves that classic studies have the ability to transform self’s understanding. According to Charles Augustin Sainte-Beure’s idea and belief, a true classic is an author who has enriched the human mind and revealed some eternal passion through his thought, observation, or invention. Therefore, it could be opposed by anyone since each and everyone have different thoughts and ideas influenced by their present lifestyles, culture or even discovery.

Education in Saudi Arabia College Teachers and College Problems

Education in Saudi Arabia College Teachers and College Problems If one takes a deeper look at the situation that is taking place in the Saudi Arabian system of college education, he or she will not find any features that distinguish it much form the one that is presented in the European countries. Such is the educational sphere that, despite the different cultures and different approaches, sometimes even different epochs, the questions on the agenda remain the same.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Education in Saudi Arabia: College Teachers and College Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The teachers in Saudi Arabia are now making huge steps toward progress, and they are trying to embrace the new inventions in the fields of education and students psychology. The modern views combined with the old traditions and approaches that have been proved by the time, make a mixture that helps the teachers in Saudi Arabia teach the students in the most efficient way. Speaking of the cu rrent state of the college teachers in Saudi Arabia, it is possible to say that despite they strive to follow the footprints of the European countries, they are still facing the difficulties connected with the lack of the technological innovations that the modern ways of teaching pupils presuppose. The necessity to have constant access to the newest means of educational process is not the thing that Saudi Arabian college teachers can afford, and at times that can cause a certain problem for both the teachers and the students. The sad fact might also influence the quality of education in the way that leaves much to be desired. The students might get not all the knowledge that they actually need fro their future life and career. Since these are the teachers who have to think about such things as the visual aids and the efficient ways for students to organize and remember the material that has to be learned, it is the prior concern of the teachers to help the students with the necessar y equipment. Like many other European countries that have taken up the modern innovations too fast, Saudi Arabian college teachers experience difficulties with the various equipment that provides the access to the innovations of the educational theories and the modern educational theories that help the teachers to make the subject understandable for the students.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, these are not all college teachers in Saudi Arabia that have access to the Internet. Thus, they cannot trace the novelties in the sphere of education all around the world, and thus they might miss the issues that might help them in explaining the topic to the students, or in making the subject easier to take and more interesting to develop. There are actually not other ways to get all this information than to use the on-line sources. Unfortunately, like many other teacher s form the European countries, the Saudi Arabian college teachers cannot afford such expenditures and such modern means of getting the first-source information. As it can be easily seen from the abovementioned facts, the main concern of the Saudi Arabian college teachers, like the college teachers from the countries from all over the world, perhaps, is that they cannot get instant access to any means that will allow them to brighten the education somehow, make it more modern and up-to-date, with advanced methodic included and applied to the process of learning and teaching, and learning teaching. The question is how one could take the teachers together and help them to seize the opportunity of enriching their knowledge with the newest systems of education existing at the moment? One of the best ways out could be actually gathering them to arrange some kind of private courses for upgrading the system of knowledge. The next question that is to be answered is how to do that. There are some ways to get all the college teachers in Saudi Arabia to take the online courses to improve their system of knowledge. This can be done, but such a project needs a big amount of time. One could send invitations to all college teachers in Saudi Arabia to have online courses. This could also be an appeal from an official on TV to take up the courses. On the one hand, sending letters can take a lot of time. But on the other hand, this method is good because the letters are addressed to each of the teachers in private. With such approach, the teachers will understand that each of them is appreciated.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Education in Saudi Arabia: College Teachers and College Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second approach is not so time-consuming, but it also has its drawbacks. First, some of the teachers can miss the appeal. Second, they can forget it as they switch off the TV. So it is mo re suitable to send letters to the college teachers. The content of the letters can be the same, just with different names in them. It should invite the teachers to receive online training. The next question is where these courses will take place. Not all teachers have computers and the access to the internet, so it will be good to arrange a set of places with computers and Internet access where the college teachers could come to have their online courses. This is close to the Internet-cafes. These places should be equipped with computers. When the teachers come they can have the courses online and find out about the new learning techniques. This will be an important step for them. Of course, such places will need funding, so this should be discussed in the government. It will certainly provide the project with the necessary funds, because it will provide the improvement in the college system. As a matter of fact, the hardest part of every project is the one concerning its being put into practice. However, with the necessary theories applied, this could be dealt with rather easily. The way the courses should be organized must be simple and effective. It would be rather useful to consider the following idea. First of all, it is good to think of the time management of the courses. The basic idea is that every single moment should be used to get the valuable information from the given source. This could be achieved with the help of a plan that has been well thought out.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The next step would be using the time-savers and the tricks that help not to lose a single moment. Again, this is all what the well-based plan of the courses is all about. Then, it would be a good idea to make the people attending the courses understand and calculate their personal productivity. With this kind of knowledge, one can be sure to achieve success in the chosen sphere of work, especially speaking of the college teaching (McNamara 1996). Then, a wonderful idea is to get people organized as well. Starting from the desk they are sting at, and ending with the order in their minds, helping them with their course of thoughts to be streaming in the right direction. This will be, perhaps, the hardest part of the way, since every person is unique in his or her biological clock and not all the participants will be able to seize the essence of a certain idea at the same time (McNamara). With such approach to the college teaching, the Saudi Arabian college teachers will certainly be able to get over the problems that they are facing now, as well as the rest of the European countries. The positive effect will follow immediately. Reference McNamara, C. (1996) Personal Productivity. Web.

Why you should share your opinions out loudâ€not over email

Why you should share your opinions out loud- not over email Who among us hasn’t been in this situation: You receive an email or text from someone you know and wonder, â€Å"What did they mean by that?† â€Å"Are they mad at me- or maybe they were just in a rush† The truth is, although email has made it easier than ever before to send and receive messages with all of the people in our lives- from friends and family members to professional contacts and more- it can be argued that the ease and convenience we’ve gained from modern forms of conversing have been offset by an unfortunate increase in a more impersonal approach to communication, and more opportunities for the mistranslation of a message’s meaning and intent. For humans- and for all animals, really- things like context, body language, and emotion factor heavily into how messages are delivered and received, and when these things are taken out of the equation, which happens when communicating over email, trouble can ensue.According to a recent Psycholog y Today article, â€Å"Research by UCLA psychology professor emeritus Albert Mehrabian found that 7 percent of a message was derived from the words, 38 percent from the intonation, and 55 percent from the facial expression or  body language. In other words, the vast majority of communication is not carried by our words alone†¦Not surprisingly, research shows we communicate most effectively in real-life, real-time conversation.†Just think about it- if only 7% of our messages are derived from the actual words we use, that’s a whopping 93% that’s left to speculation, guesswork, and possible misinterpretation when we communicate over email without the helpful cues that face-to-face communication provides!This gets especially important when you’re talking with someone about a potentially controversial subject or have opposing views on a topic. According to a recent article on Ladders, when we’re facing someone with a point of view that’s i n opposition to our own, we respond more favorably and humanely when the conversations includes voice vs. words, which helps to keep discourse civil.The Ladders article suggests that vocal communication may be a better vehicle for controversial conversations because â€Å"those vocal tics of inflection, intonation, and normal pauses humanize us in ways that get lost over a text message where emotion is implied in emoji and punctuation, and tone is easy to miscommunicate†¦If you want your controversial take to be seen as more than mindless drivel, get off your keyboard and give the person a call.†This information can have a profound effect on how we operate at work. These days, so much of our work lives are spent alone at our desks, silently typing away a volley of email missives on our computers and phones all day. With the volume of email we send out, it would be quite a challenge to stop and think about how each and every message we send will be construed by every rece iver- that would be exhausting!Therefore, some general rules of thumb might be helpful here: use email when sending simple and straightforward messages that are free from emotion, critical evaluation, and potentially controversial opinions. If your messages do contain these items, consider stepping away from your keyboard and engaging in a face-to-face conversation- old-fashioned perhaps, but it just might save you from an uncomfortable, awkward, or embarrassing situation.

Globl Airline Allince Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Globl Airline Allince - Assignment Example Due to its huge success in beoming the leding irline llince in the globl vition business, the compny hs been voted Best irline llince by Skytrx in 2003 nd 2005. From its erly beginnings in 1997 with five founding irlines, 14 member irlines now come under the Str llince fold: ir Cnd, ir New Zelnd, N, ustrin irlines, bmi british midlnd, Lud ir, Lufthns, Mexicn, SS Scndinvin irlines, Singpore irlines, Thi irwys Interntionl, Tyrolen irwys, United irlines nd VRIG. Tody Str llince ircrft tkes off or lnds every four seconds to one of 729 irports in 124 countries, providing customers with truly globl rech. Focusing on customer priorities, Str llince irlines hve concentrted on hrmonising timetbles to reduce trnsfer times t irports nd offer semless worldwide trvel. In addition to reducing customer turnover, important reason supporting the importance of customer satisfaction is the belief that a satisfied customer base is likely to be a firm's single greatest source of sustainable competitive advantage (Sriram et al., 1992). This implies that a loyal customer base is an asset composed of the discounted present value of the future stream of profits from a continuing relationship. Str llince hs lso responded to the customer's need for recognition by linking ll irline frequent flyer progrmmes thus llowing pssengers to ccrue nd redeem milege cross the network. To celebrte the 5th nniversry Str llince hs lunched promotion llowing members of the irline loylty progrmme to ern up to 55,555 bonus miles by flying five different Str llince crriers. Whilst trvelling round the world, Str llince customers hve ccess to more thn 500 irport lounges offering quiet escpe from the bustle of busy interntionl irports. Included in this list is dedicted Str llince lounge in Zurich, which hs been rted by the industry s mong the ten best in the world. t mny of the irports served, Str llince irlines hve moved their fcilities into the sme terminl to mke trnsfers quicker nd more convenient for pssengers. mjor brek through ws chieved in 2000 for Str llince with the lunch of StrNet, linking ll the irline computer networks together enbling the swift nd esy exchnge of informtion. This rel time ccess llows quick nd esy response to pssenger requests gin chieving smooth trvel experience. further notble dvnce in the IT sector is the introduction of mobile services vi the Str llince website. Customers cn ccess the thousnds of connections being offered by the member irlines nd cn no downlod the timetble either to their computers or plm held devices. More thn 10,000 visitors log onto the Str llince website dily. cting successfully on the world ren nd in the irline mrket, Str llince becme the best globl customer due its excellent brnd promotion nd dvertisement cmpign. The company followed brand communication strategy in order to reach its goals of successful communicator on a world arena. In its communication strategy, Star Alliance used techniques of marketing communication strategy when using cognitive response to marketing interventions. The company used collective mental processes (memory, language, consciousness) of the theory in order "to combine information into knowledge structures for decision-making" (Blythe, 2000)In the erly 1997, Str